Ukwelashwa kokushisa kuyisinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zensimbi.Ukwelashwa kokushisa kungashintsha izakhiwo ezingokomzimba nezemishini zezinto zensimbi, kuthuthukise ubulukhuni bazo, amandla, ukuqina, nezinye izakhiwo.
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi isakhiwo somklamo womkhiqizo siphephile, sithembekile, siyonga, futhi sisebenza kahle, onjiniyela bezakhiwo ngokuvamile badinga ukuqonda izakhiwo zemishini yezinto zokwakha, bakhethe izinqubo ezifanele zokwelashwa okusekelwe ezidingweni zedizayini kanye nezici ezibonakalayo, futhi bathuthukise ukusebenza kwabo kanye nokusebenza kahle. ubude bempilo.Okulandelayo yizinqubo ezingu-13 zokwelashwa kokushisa okuhlobene nezinto zensimbi, ngethemba lokuba usizo kuwo wonke umuntu.
1. Ukwehliswa
Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho izinto zensimbi zishiselwa khona ekushiseni okufanelekile, zigcinwe isikhathi esithile, bese zipholiswa kancane kancane.Inhloso ye-annealing ikakhulukazi ukunciphisa ubulukhuni bezinto zensimbi, ukuthuthukisa ipulasitiki, ukusiza ukusika noma ukucutshungulwa kwengcindezi, ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka okusele, ukuthuthukisa ukufana kwe-microstructure nokubunjwa, noma ukulungisa i-microstructure yokwelashwa okushisayo okulandelayo.Izinqubo ezivamile zokuhlanganisa zihlanganisa ukuhlanganisa kabusha ikristalu, ukuhlanganisa ngokuphelele, ukuhlanganisa i-spheroidization annealing, kanye ne-anneal edambisa ingcindezi.
I-annealing ephelele: Cwenga usayizi wokusanhlamvu, ukwakheka okufanayo, ukunciphisa ubulukhuni, ukuqeda ngokuphelele ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi.I-annealing ephelele ilungele ukufogiwa noma ukulingwa kwensimbi okunokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (ingxenye enkulu) engaphansi kuka-0.8%.
I-Spheroidizing annealing: inciphisa ubulukhuni bensimbi, ithuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika, futhi ilungiselela ukucisha okuzayo ukuze kuncishiswe ukuwohloka nokuqhekeka ngemva kokucisha.I-Spheroidizing annealing ifanele insimbi ye-carbon steel ne-alloy tool enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni (ingxenyana yobuningi) engaphezu kuka-0.8%.
I-stress edambisa i-annealing: Iqeda ingcindezi yangaphakathi ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokushisela nokuqondisa okubandayo kwezingxenye zensimbi, iqeda ingcindezi yangaphakathi ekhiqizwa phakathi nokucutshungulwa kahle kwezingxenye, futhi ivimbela ukuwohloka phakathi nokucubungula nokusetshenziswa okulandelayo.I-anneal ekhulula ingcindezi ifanele ukulingisa okuhlukahlukene, ama-forging, izingxenye ezishiselwe, nezingxenye ezibandayo ezikhishwe.
2. Ukujwayela
Isho inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa yokushisisa insimbi noma izingxenye zensimbi ezingeni lokushisa elingu-30-50 ℃ ngaphezu kwe-Ac3 noma i-Acm (iphuzu eliphezulu lokushisa elibalulekile lensimbi), lizibambe isikhathi esifanele, futhi lizipholise emoyeni onganyakazi.Inhloso ye-normalization ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini yensimbi ene-carbon ephansi, ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle, ukucwenga usayizi wokusanhlamvu, ukuqeda ukukhubazeka kwesakhiwo, nokulungiselela isakhiwo sokwelashwa kokushisa okulandelayo.
3. Ukucisha
Isho inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa yokushisisa ingxenye yensimbi ezingeni lokushisa elingaphezu kwe-Ac3 noma i-Ac1 (iphuzu lokushisa eliphansi elibalulekile lensimbi), liyibambe isikhathi esithile, bese ithola isakhiwo se-martensite (noma i-bainite) endaweni ethile. izinga lokupholisa elifanele.Inhloso yokucisha ukuthola isakhiwo se-martensitic esidingekayo sezingxenye zensimbi, ukuthuthukisa ubulukhuni, amandla, nokumelana nokugqoka kwe-workpiece, nokulungisa isakhiwo sokwelashwa kokushisa okulandelayo.
Izinqubo ezivamile zokucisha zihlanganisa ukucisha ukugeza usawoti, ukucisha okulinganiselwe kwe-martensitic, ukucisha i-isothermal okukodwa, ukucisha indawo, kanye nokucisha indawo.
Ukucisha uketshezi olulodwa: Ukucisha uketshezi olulodwa kusebenza kuphela kunsimbi ye-carbon steel nezingxenye zensimbi ye-alloy ezinomumo olula kanye nezidingo zobuchwepheshe eziphansi.Ngesikhathi sokucisha, izingxenye ze-carbon steel ezinobubanzi noma ubukhulu obukhulu kuno-5-8mm, amanzi anosawoti noma ukupholisa amanzi kufanele kusetshenziswe;Izingxenye zensimbi ye-alloy zipholile ngamafutha.
Ukucisha uketshezi oluphindwe kabili: Shisisa izingxenye zensimbi ezingeni lokushisa lokucisha, ngemva kokushisa, zipholise ngokushesha emanzini ziye ku-300-400 º C, bese uzidlulisela emafutheni ukuze zizipholise.
Ukucisha indawo yelangabi: Ukucishwa kwe-Flame surface kulungele izingxenye zensimbi ezinkulu ze-carbon alloy ne-medium carbon alloy, njengama-crankshaft, amagiya, nama-guide rails, adinga izindawo eziqinile nezingagugi futhi ezingakwazi ukumelana nemithwalo ekukhiqizeni iqoqo elilodwa noma elincane. .
Ukuqina kwe-surface induction: Izingxenye eziye zaqina indawo yokungeniswa phezulu zinendawo eqinile futhi engagugi, kuyilapho zigcina amandla amahle kanye nokuqina kumongo.Ukuqina kwe-surface induction kulungele izingxenye zensimbi ye-carbon steel ne-alloy enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni emaphakathi.
4. Ukuthukuthela
Kubhekiselwa kwinqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho izingxenye zensimbi zicinywa khona bese zishiselwa ezingeni lokushisa elingaphansi kwe-Ac1, elibanjwa isikhathi esithile, bese lipholiswa lilingane negumbi lokushisa.Inhloso yokushisa ngokuyinhloko ukuqeda ukucindezeleka okukhiqizwa izingxenye zensimbi ngesikhathi sokucisha, ukuze izingxenye zensimbi zibe nobunzima obuphezulu nokumelana nokugqoka, kanye ne-plasticity edingekayo kanye nokuqina.Izinqubo zokushisa ezivamile zihlanganisa ukushisa okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa, ukushisa okuphakathi nendawo, ukushisa okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa, njll.
Ukushisa okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa: Ukushisa okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa kuqeda ingcindezi yangaphakathi ebangelwa ukucisha ezingxenyeni zensimbi, futhi kuvame ukusetshenziselwa amathuluzi okusika, amathuluzi okulinganisa, isikhunta, ama-ringing bearings, nezingxenye ezishisiwe.
Ukushisa okumaphakathi kwezinga lokushisa: Ukushisa okuphakathi nendawo kwenza izingxenye zensimbi zifinyelele ukunwebeka okuphezulu, ukuqina okuthile, nobulukhuni, futhi ngokuvamile kusetshenziswa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zeziphethu, ukunyathela okushisayo kuyafa, nezinye izingxenye.
Ukushisa okuphezulu kwezinga lokushisa: Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme livumela izingxenye zensimbi ukuba zifinyelele izici ezinhle zemishini ezibanzi, okungukuthi amandla aphezulu, ukuqina, nobulukhuni obanele, okususa ingcindezi yangaphakathi ebangelwa ukucisha.Isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izingxenye ezibalulekile zesakhiwo ezidinga amandla aphezulu kanye nokuqina, njengama-spindles, ama-crankshafts, amakhamera, amagiya, nezinduku zokuxhuma.
5. Ukucisha nokuthukuthela
Isho inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa eyinhlanganisela yokucisha nokufudumeza izingxenye zensimbi noma zensimbi.Insimbi esetshenziselwa ukucisha kanye nokwelapha ukushisa ibizwa ngokuthi i-quenched and tempered steel.Ngokujwayelekile isho insimbi yesakhiwo sekhabhoni ephakathi nendawo nensimbi ye-carbon alloy structural steel.
6. Ukwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali
Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho insimbi noma i-alloy workpiece ifakwa endaweni esebenzayo ezingeni lokushisa elithile ukuze kufakwe uketshezi, okuvumela into eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ukuthi ingene endaweni yayo ukuze iguqule ukwakheka kwayo kwamakhemikhali, ukwakheka, nokusebenza kwayo.Inhloso yokwelashwa kokushisa kwamakhemikhali ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukisa ubulukhuni bobuso, ukumelana nokugqoka, ukumelana nokugqwala, amandla okukhathala, nokumelana ne-oxidation yezingxenye zensimbi.Izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokwelapha ukushisa kwamakhemikhali zifaka i-carburization, i-nitriding, i-carbonitriding, njll.
I-Carburization: Ukuthola ubulukhuni obuphezulu (i-HRC60-65) nokumelana nokugqoka phezulu, kuyilapho ugcina ukuqina okuphezulu phakathi nendawo.Ivamise ukusetshenziselwa izingxenye ezingagugi futhi ezimelana nomthelela njengamasondo, amagiya, ama-shafts, amaphini e-piston, njll.
I-Nitriding: Ukuthuthukisa ubulukhuni, ukumelana nokugqoka, nokumelana nokugqwala kongqimba olungaphezulu lwezingxenye zensimbi, ezivame ukusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezibalulekile njengamabhawudi, amantongomane, namaphini.
I-Carbonitriding: ithuthukisa ubulukhuni nokumelana nokugqoka kongqimba olungaphezulu lwezingxenye zensimbi, ezifanele insimbi ye-carbon ephansi, i-carbon steel medium, noma izingxenye zensimbi ye-alloy, futhi ingasetshenziselwa amathuluzi okusika insimbi enesivinini esikhulu.
7. Ukwelashwa kwesixazululo esiqinile
Isho inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa yokushisisa ingxubevange endaweni yesigaba esisodwa sezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nokugcina izinga lokushisa elingashintshi, okuvumela isigaba esidlulele ukuthi sincibilike ngokuphelele kusixazululo esiqinile bese kuphole ngokushesha ukuze kutholwe isixazululo esiqinile esine-supersaturated.Inhloso yokwelashwa kwesixazululo ngokuyinhloko ukuthuthukisa ipulasitiki kanye nokuqina kwensimbi nama-alloys, nokulungiselela ukwelashwa kokuqina kwemvula.
8. Ukuqina kwemvula (ukuqinisa imvula)
Inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho insimbi iba lukhuni ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwama-athomu e-solute kusixazululo esiqinile esine-supersaturated kanye/noma ukuhlakazwa kwezinhlayiya ezincibilikisiwe ku-matrix.Uma i-austenitic precipitation steel stainless steel ingaphansi kokwelashwa kokuqina kwezulu ku-400-500 ℃ noma 700-800 ℃ ngemva kokwelashwa kwesisombululo esiqinile noma ukusebenza okubandayo, ingafinyelela amandla aphezulu.
9. Ukwelashwa ngesikhathi
Kubhekiselwa kwinqubo yokwelapha ukushisa lapho izinto zokusebenza ze-alloy zithola ukwelashwa kwesixazululo esiqinile, ukuwohloka kwepulasitiki okubandayo noma ukubunjwa, bese zenziwe ngomgunyathi, zibekwe ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu noma zigcinwe endaweni yokushisa yegumbi, futhi izakhiwo zazo, ukwakheka, nosayizi kushintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Uma inqubo yokwelapha yokuguga yokushisa i-workpiece ekushiseni okuphezulu nokuqhuba ukwelashwa kokuguga isikhathi eside yamukelwa, kubizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokuguga okwenziwa;Isenzakalo sokuguga esenzeka lapho i-workpiece igcinwa ekamelweni lokushisa noma izimo zemvelo isikhathi eside ibizwa ngokuthi ukwelashwa kokuguga kwemvelo.Inhloso yokwelashwa kokuguga ukuqeda ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi ku-workpiece, ukuzinza isakhiwo nobukhulu, nokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini.
10. Ukuqina
Kubhekisela ezicini ezinquma ukujula kokucisha nokusabalalisa kokuqina kwensimbi ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.Ukuqina okuhle noma okubi kwensimbi kuvame ukumelwa ukujula kongqimba oluqinile.Uma kukhulu ukujula kongqimba oluqinile, kungcono ukuqina kwensimbi.Ukuqina kwensimbi ikakhulukazi kuncike ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi izakhi ze-alloy kanye nosayizi wokusanhlamvu okwandisa ukuqina, izinga lokushisa lokushisa, nesikhathi sokubamba.Insimbi enokuqina okuhle ingakwazi ukufeza izakhiwo zemishini ezifanayo futhi ezingaguquki kuyo yonke ingxenye yensimbi, futhi ama-ejenti wokucisha anengcindezi ephansi yokucisha angakhethwa ukuze anciphise ukuguqulwa nokuqhekeka.
11. I-diameter ebucayi (ububanzi obubalulekile bokucisha)
Ububanzi obubucayi bubhekisela kububanzi obukhulu bensimbi lapho yonke i-martensite noma i-50% yesakhiwo se-martensite itholakala esikhungweni ngemva kokucisha endaweni ethile.Ububanzi obubalulekile bezinye izinsimbi ngokuvamile bungatholakala ngokuhlolwa kokuqina kuwoyela noma emanzini.
12. Ukuqina kwesibili
Amanye ama-alloys e-iron-carbon (njengensimbi enesivinini esikhulu) adinga imijikelezo eminingi yokushisa ukuze athuthukise ubulukhuni bawo.Lesi simo esinzima, esaziwa ngokuthi ukuqina kwesibili, sibangelwa ukuna kwama-carbides akhethekile kanye/noma ukuguqulwa kwe-austenite ibe i-martensite noma i-bainite.
13. I-brittleness epholile
Isho isenzakalo se-embrittlement yensimbi ecishiwe eqiniswe kumazinga okushisa athile noma epholiswe kancane kusukela kuzinga lokushisa elipholile ngokusebenzisa leli banga.I-Temper brittleness ingahlukaniswa ngohlobo lokuqala lwe-terer brittleness kanye nohlobo lwesibili lwe-teer brittleness.
Uhlobo lokuqala lokufutheka kwentukuthelo, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukufutheka okungenakulungiseka, kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ezingeni lokushisa elingu-250-400 ℃.Ngemva kokunyamalala kwe-brittleness ngemva kokushisa kabusha, i-brittleness iphindaphindiwe kulolu hlu futhi ayisekho;
Uhlobo lwesibili lokufutheka kwentukuthelo, okwaziwa nangokuthi i-reversible temper brittleness, kwenzeka emazingeni okushisa asukela ku-400 kuya ku-650 ℃.Lapho ukonakala kunyamalala ngemva kokushisisa kabusha, kufanele kupholiswe ngokushesha futhi akufanele kuhlale isikhathi eside noma kupholile kancane ebangeni lika-400 kuya ku-650 ℃, ngaphandle kwalokho izenzakalo ezivusa amadlingozi zizokwenzeka futhi.
Ukwenzeka kokufutheka kwentukuthelo kuhlobene nezinto ze-alloy eziqukethwe kunsimbi, njenge-manganese, i-chromium, i-silicon, ne-nickel, evame ukuthuthukisa ukufutheka, kuyilapho i-molybdenum ne-tungsten inomkhuba wokwenza buthaka ukufutheka.
Insimbi entsha ye-Gapoweriwuchwepheshe wemikhiqizo yensimbi.Ipayipi lensimbi, ikhoyili nensimbi yensimbi amamaki ahlanganisa i-ST35 ST37 ST44 ST52 42CRMO4, S45C CK45 SAE4130 SAE4140 SCM440 njll. Siyakwamukela ikhasimende ukuze ubuze futhi uvakashele efektri.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-23-2023